• What were the differences between the North and South as far as the division of the country? The north was undergoing urban and industrial revolutions. Commercial enterprises such as railroads, canals, banks, and others were shaping the northern economy and its population was mushrooming due to an influx of European immigrants. The south’s economy was still based on agriculture and slaves, mostly cotton. The slave population continued to grow, while the white population did much more slowly.
• Why was there a war with Mexico and how did it start and end? It began with the US moving in on disputed territory, building a fort, and provoking a reaction from Mexico. Once Mexico attacked, the US felt they were justified in declaring war. It ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Basically, the whole war was because we wanted land that belonged to Mexico in order to fulfill the idea of Manifest Destiny.
• What did American gain from the war with Mexico? We gained California and other southwestern territories, which were important because of the gold rush. However, the future of slavery in the union was also questioned, as what to do with this new land. Our soldiers were also provided with practical battle experience that they would use in the civil war.
• Who was Henry David Thoreau and what did he do? He was a transcendentalist who wrote works discounting slavery.
• Who was Frederick Douglass? He was an escaped slave who became a well-known abolitionist. He wrote for his own newspaper about slavery.
• Where did the Underground Railroad run? What is it? It was a network of safe houses and secret routes for slaves to use to escape to freedom. It ran from southern slave states into northern free states and even up into Canada.
• Who was Harriet Tubman? She escaped from slavery and risked her life over 13 times to save other slaves. She was one of the leading abolitionists behind the Underground Railroad.
• What were the 5 bills in the Compromise of 1850? California was entered as a free state, New Mexico and Utah could decide the issue of slavery for themselves, Texas gave up New Mexico and got %10 million to pay Mexico, slave trade was abolished in DC, and federal officials who didn’t arrest runaway slaves had to pay a fine.
• What was the dispute over Uncle Tom’s Cabin and how was it resolved? It showed the true identity of slavery (written by a white woman). It showed that slaves were people and how they were treated in reality. The south didn’t like it and the north did.
• What did Lincoln and Douglas debate? They debated about slavery. This was important because, even though Lincoln didn’t win the election, he would win the debates. This got him national attention.
• Why was a new political party formed? The Republican Party was formed because they wanted the west to be free of slavery because they wanted more opportunities for free white men, especially lower class men. They were Whigs and Northern Democrats.
• Why was Kansas ‘bloody’? It was the battle that sparked the Civil War, but it wasn’t the official start of the war. The south and the north were both trying to take over Kansas, and nobody wanted to lose the balance of power.
• Popular sovereignty: The idea that the people create the legitimacy of a state.
• What happened in Kansas in 1854? There was a battle between the north and the south. John Brown, an abolitionist, attacked a pro-slavery settlement and killed 5 people in the dead of night. It sparked the Civil War.
• How did the Dred Scott case further separate the nation? He sued for his freedom because he was a slave in a place where slavery was illegal. Roger Taney, who agreed that slaves were property and could not be taken away from their owners, shot this down in the Supreme Court. It allowed free blacks in the north to be recaptured. It represented the idea that slavery would not be abolished by a Supreme Court ruling.
• Who ran for president in 1860? Lincoln, Douglas, Breckinridge, and bell ran for president in 1860. This showed the disarray of political parties, who could not even decide who to nominate.
• What did the idea of civil disobedience do? It brought up the idea of peaceful rebellion.
• What was the nation’s most constant political issue? Slavery.
• What were Lincoln’s idea on slavery? He disagreed with it but wasn’t going to change the state’s positions on it. He didn’t want black people to have any rights either. He didn't want to change what was already in place, and shake up the political world.
• What were Polk’s two promises in regards to Manifest Destiny? He promised to establish the Oregon Territory, and he promised to bring California and the southwest territories into the union.
• What was the importance of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo? It ends the Mexican-American war. It gives certain lands (southwest territories) to the US (moved Texas boundary to Rio Grande) and money to Mexico.
• What did the Kansas-Nebraska Act call for? It created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 because it was above the line of slave states, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery as opposed to the country deciding it for them.
• How was the legislative history of slave compromises wiped out? The Dred Scott case wiped these out because it showed the Supreme Court would never be on the side of slaves.
• How did Lincoln’s loss in the first election (1858) actually help him? It made him nationally known because he won the debates with Douglas.
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