American Journey questions

Pg. 494-495

1. To blockade and to go on the offensive are both active tactics one can take in a battle to keep the enemy from advancing.
2. Blockade runners were Confederate ships, and were often ironclad, or covered in iron.
3. The Union was the former United States (without the states that seceded) and border states were along the border between the Union and the Confederacy.
4. Men who were included in the draft (anyone between 18 and 35) were forced to serve in the army, and Lincoln suspended habeas corpus for those who tried to dodge.
5. 1861-1865.
6. One of the main advantages was the support of the white population. Another was that they were fighting in familiar territory, so they had home court advantage. The military leadership in the South was also far superior to that in the North
7. The president of the Union was Abraham Lincoln, and the president of the Confederacy was Jefferson Davis.
8. Clara Barton was a nurse who tended to wounded soldiers at the very beginning of the war. After the First Battle of Bull Run, she established an agency to help distribute supplies and care for wounded soldiers. This agency would one day become the American Red Cross.
9. They did this as a main strategy for winning the war. They thought it would not only prevent supplied from getting into the South, but also prevent the South from earning any money through exporting cotton.
10. The battle of Gettysburg had the largest number of casualties of any battle in the war. It was also a turning point because it was a Union victory, the first they had gotten in a while.
11. The Emancipation Proclamation states that, "...all persons held as slaves within any state...in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free."
12. In the South, slaves helped the war effort (against their will) by working on plantations and in mines, as nurses at military hospitals, and as cooks in the army. At first, they did not believe African Americans should be armed for fear of rebellion, but toward the end when the Confederate Army became desperate, they too enlisted slaves as soldiers. In the North, African Americans also weren't able to enlist at the beginning, so they helped in a variety of other ways. They were able to enlist in the navy. They also were good guides and spies. In 1862 they were allowed, finally, to enlist in the Union Army, and nearly 200,000 of them did so.
13. The South's economy was devastated by the Civil War because it required total commitment of resources. Due to most of the fighting being done in the South, farmland was destroyed and rail lines torn up, causing large amounts of the South to be in ruins and thousands of people to be homeless. When the North blockaded southern ports, they caused severe shortages of goods. A lack of resources and high inflation (9000%) caused riots in many cities.
14. Grant offered generous terms. Confederate soldiers were to lay down their arms, but were free to go home after that. They were allowed to keep their horses, and Grant offered three days' worth of food to be sent to Lee's troops.
15. The people of western Virginia were rather upset about the secession movement. In 1861, 48 counties organized a separate state called West Virginia and decided to stay in the Union. This state was admitted in 1863.
16. The North wanted to control the river and split the Confederacy in two to make it weaker and easier to take over. The South wanted to maintain control to ensure the flow of supplies back and forth across the river, especially because the North had blockaded their ports.
17. I think that leaders in the North believed African Americans had the right to defend the Union just as much as white people. However, I think that leaders in both the North and the South were getting desperate for soldiers and would have taken just about anyone toward the end of the war. The African American men were the most untapped resource, so the leaders called for them to be allowed to fight as well.
18. General Lee was a good strategist. As shown in the battles of Chancellorsville, First and Second Bull Run, and even the battle of Gettysburg, he had an amazing talent for planning and for designing military tactics. I also think that his men respected him because he fought with honor and he both won and lost with grace.
19. a. Year:

• 1861
• 1862
• 1863
• 1864
• 1865

b. Significance:

• The attack on Fort Sumter was a Confederate victory and the official beginning of the Civil War.
• The result was indecisive, as both sides claim victory. It did, however, have a huge impact on modern naval warfare as it was the first battle between two ironclad ships.
• The Emancipation Proclamation granted the freedom of 3.1 million slaves, and immediately freed 50,000 of them, with the rest freed as Union armies advanced. It also really pissed of the Confederacy.
  
• Emancipation was the central issue in Lincoln's reelection, and he won in a landslide. This made for some happy abolitionists and Union leaders, with whom Lincoln worked closely during the war. It also really upset the South, and some non-Lincoln supporters in the North because a new leader might have changed the course of the Civil War.
• The surrender at Appomattox was the final battle in the Civil War. Lee was offered very generous terms, and the war was over.
  

20. The Union troops were positioned around Cemetery Ridge.
21. Ewell led forces across Rock Creek.
22. The five Confederate commanders shown are: Lee, Hill, Longstreet, Ewell, and Pickett.